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Metabolic applications

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Additionally, excessive copper may increase autophagic flux through the activation of the Beclin-1 (Wan et al., 2020), autophagy-related gene 5 (Wan et al., 2020), and the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin (Guo et al., 2022a) pathways, promoting the generation of autophagic vesicles by regulating the transcription factor EB (Pea and Kiselyov, 2015)

High ROS in SNpc neurons usually results from dopamine metabolism, low glutathione, and high levels of iron and calcium 20

Especially preferred are polynucleotide variants containing alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but do not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide